:root {
  --research-paper: #f2efe5;
  --research-ink: #152226;
  --research-muted: #5b6463;
  --research-line: rgba(21, 34, 38, 0.2);
  --research-red: #9e2a2b;
  --research-blue: #2f5d7c;
}

html.research-paper-root,
body.research-paper-page {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
  overflow-x: clip;
  background: var(--research-paper);
  overscroll-behavior-x: none;
}

.research-index-page,
.research-paper-page {
  color: var(--research-ink);
  background: var(--research-paper);
}

.research-index-main {
  width: min(1440px, calc(100% - 72px));
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.home-research-feature {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: clamp(78px, 9vw, 136px) var(--home-gutter);
  color: #f1f0eb;
  background: #11181b;
}

.home-research-feature > header {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 0 0 14px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.35);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.13em;
}

.home-research-feature > header p,
.home-research-feature > header span {
  margin: 0;
}

.home-research-feature > a {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(360px, 5fr);
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.home-research-feature figure {
  min-height: 620px;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.home-research-feature figure img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  filter: saturate(0.75) contrast(1.08);
  transition: transform 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), filter 300ms ease;
}

.home-research-feature > a:hover figure img,
.home-research-feature > a:focus-visible figure img {
  transform: scale(1.018);
  filter: saturate(0.95) contrast(1.05);
}

.home-research-feature > a > div {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 30px 0 30px 44px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.35);
}

.home-research-feature small {
  color: #e24737;
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
}

.home-research-feature h2 {
  margin: 52px 0 30px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(4.4rem, 7.5vw, 8.5rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.78;
  letter-spacing: -0.06em;
}

.home-research-feature > a > div > p {
  max-width: 30ch;
  margin: 0 0 28px;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 2vw, 1.85rem);
  line-height: 1.18;
}

.home-research-feature > a > div > span {
  max-width: 42ch;
  color: rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.68);
  line-height: 1.48;
}

.home-research-feature > a > div > b {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 40px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}

.data-research-results {
  width: min(1460px, calc(100% - 72px));
  margin: clamp(72px, 9vw, 140px) auto;
  padding: 26px 0 34px;
  border-top: 1px solid #112c32;
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
}

.data-research-results > header {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(180px, 2fr) minmax(0, 10fr);
  gap: 30px;
  margin-bottom: 48px;
}

.data-research-results > header > p {
  margin: 5px 0 0;
  color: #a13430;
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}

.data-research-results > header h2 {
  margin: 0 0 12px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 5vw, 5.7rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.9;
  letter-spacing: -0.045em;
}

.data-research-results > header span {
  display: block;
  max-width: 56ch;
  color: #667678;
  line-height: 1.45;
}

.data-research-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
}

.data-research-grid a {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  min-height: 300px;
  padding: 18px 22px 20px;
  color: #112c32;
  border-right: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: background 180ms ease;
}

.data-research-grid a:first-child {
  border-left: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
}

.data-research-grid a:hover,
.data-research-grid a:focus-visible {
  background: rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.045);
}

.data-research-grid small {
  color: #667678;
  font-size: 0.64rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.11em;
}

.data-research-grid h3 {
  max-width: 18ch;
  margin: 54px 0 18px;
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.4vw, 1.35rem);
  line-height: 1.15;
}

.data-research-grid strong {
  max-width: 16ch;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 3vw, 3.45rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.95;
}

.data-research-grid span {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 26px;
  color: #a13430;
  font-size: 0.63rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
}

.data-research-results > footer {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 24px;
  padding-top: 18px;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
}

.data-research-results > footer p {
  margin: 0;
  color: #667678;
}

.data-research-results > footer a {
  color: inherit;
  font-weight: 700;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.research-index-hero {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(180px, 2fr) minmax(520px, 7fr) minmax(260px, 3fr);
  gap: 28px;
  align-items: end;
  min-height: 56vh;
  padding: clamp(110px, 13vw, 190px) 0 64px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-index-hero > p,
.research-index-list > p,
.research-paper-identity > p:first-child,
.research-section-kicker {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--research-red);
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.15em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-index-hero h1 {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 8.8rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.83;
  letter-spacing: -0.055em;
}

.research-index-hero > span {
  max-width: 31ch;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 1.05rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.research-index-list {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(180px, 2fr) minmax(0, 10fr);
  gap: 28px;
  padding: 72px 0 128px;
}

.research-index-card {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(360px, 5fr);
  color: inherit;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.research-index-card figure {
  min-height: 560px;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: #111;
}

.research-index-card figure img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  filter: saturate(0.78) contrast(1.03);
  transition: transform 700ms cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), filter 300ms ease;
}

.research-index-card:hover figure img,
.research-index-card:focus-visible figure img {
  transform: scale(1.018);
  filter: saturate(0.95) contrast(1.03);
}

.research-index-card > div {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 28px 0 28px 42px;
}

.research-index-card small {
  color: var(--research-red);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.15em;
}

.research-index-card h2 {
  margin: 44px 0 22px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(3.3rem, 6vw, 7rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.82;
  letter-spacing: -0.055em;
}

.research-index-card > div > p {
  max-width: 34ch;
  margin: 0;
  font-size: clamp(1.2rem, 1.7vw, 1.65rem);
  line-height: 1.24;
}

.research-index-card dl {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0;
  margin: auto 0 30px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-index-card dl div {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 90px 1fr;
  gap: 16px;
  padding: 10px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-index-card dt,
.research-index-card dd {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
}

.research-index-card dt {
  color: var(--research-muted);
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-index-card > div > span {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  font-size: 0.82rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.09em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-progress {
  position: fixed;
  inset: 0 0 auto;
  z-index: 300;
  height: 2px;
  pointer-events: none;
}

.research-progress i {
  display: block;
  width: var(--reading-progress, 0%);
  height: 100%;
  background: var(--research-red);
}

.research-paper-hero {
  width: min(1520px, calc(100% - 72px));
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: clamp(120px, 12vw, 180px) 0 72px;
}

.research-paper-identity {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(160px, 2fr) minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(280px, 3fr);
  gap: 28px;
  align-items: start;
  padding-bottom: 52px;
}

.research-paper-identity h1 {
  grid-column: 2;
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(5rem, 10vw, 10.5rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.76;
  letter-spacing: -0.06em;
}

.research-paper-subtitle {
  grid-column: 2;
  margin: 24px 0 0;
  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 2.2vw, 2rem);
  line-height: 1.17;
}

.research-paper-identity dl {
  grid-column: 3;
  grid-row: 1 / span 3;
  margin: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
}

.research-paper-identity dl div {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 90px 1fr;
  gap: 16px;
  padding: 10px 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-paper-identity dt,
.research-paper-identity dd {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.research-paper-identity dt {
  color: var(--research-muted);
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-paper-hero-image {
  margin: 0;
}

.research-paper-hero-image img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  aspect-ratio: auto;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: center;
  filter: saturate(0.82) contrast(1.05);
}

.research-paper-hero-image figcaption {
  padding-top: 10px;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.72rem;
}

.research-paper-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 250px minmax(0, 780px) minmax(120px, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(32px, 5vw, 92px);
  width: min(1420px, calc(100% - 72px));
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 96px 0 140px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-paper-toc {
  position: sticky;
  top: 112px;
  align-self: start;
  max-height: calc(100vh - 140px);
  overflow: auto;
  scrollbar-width: thin;
}

.research-paper-toc > p {
  margin: 0 0 16px;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.14em;
}

.research-paper-toc nav {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-paper-toc nav a {
  padding: 8px 0;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: color 160ms ease, padding-left 160ms ease;
}

.research-paper-toc nav a.is-active {
  padding-left: 8px;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  border-left: 2px solid var(--research-red);
}

.research-audit-link {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 22px;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.research-mobile-toc {
  display: none;
}

.research-manuscript {
  min-width: 0;
  color: #253034;
  font-family: "Galok Gambetta", "Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(1.06rem, 1.1vw, 1.18rem);
  font-kerning: normal;
  font-optical-sizing: auto;
  line-height: 1.72;
}

.research-manuscript > h2,
.research-references > h2,
.research-direct-sources > h2 {
  scroll-margin-top: 110px;
  margin: 7rem 0 2.2rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Galok Bagnard", "Galok Gambetta", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 4.5vw, 4.6rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 0.98;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  text-wrap: balance;
}

.research-manuscript > h2:first-of-type {
  margin-top: 5rem;
}

.research-manuscript h3 {
  scroll-margin-top: 110px;
  margin: 3.7rem 0 1.2rem;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Galok Bagnard", "Galok Gambetta", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 2.6vw, 2.55rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1.08;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  text-wrap: balance;
}

.research-manuscript h4 {
  margin: 2.4rem 0 0.9rem;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
}

.research-manuscript p,
.research-manuscript li {
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
  word-break: normal;
  hyphens: auto;
  text-wrap: pretty;
}

.research-manuscript > p,
.research-abstract > p,
.research-appendix > p {
  margin: 0 0 1.38em;
}

.research-manuscript > h2 + p {
  color: #3e484a;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  line-height: 1.64;
}

.research-manuscript > ul,
.research-manuscript > ol,
.research-abstract > ul,
.research-abstract > ol,
.research-appendix > ul,
.research-appendix > ol {
  margin: 0 0 1.65em;
  padding-left: 1.25em;
}

.research-manuscript li + li {
  margin-top: 0.42em;
}

.research-manuscript a {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration-color: rgba(158, 42, 43, 0.5);
  text-underline-offset: 0.16em;
}

.research-manuscript blockquote {
  margin: 3rem -8vw 3rem 0;
  padding: 1rem 0 1rem 2rem;
  border-left: 3px solid var(--research-red);
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 2.5vw, 2.35rem);
  line-height: 1.15;
}

.research-manuscript hr {
  height: 1px;
  margin: 4rem 0;
  border: 0;
  background: var(--research-line);
}

.research-abstract {
  margin: 0 0 5rem;
  padding: 48px clamp(22px, 4vw, 48px);
  border: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
}

.research-abstract > h2 {
  margin: 0 0 1.4rem;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Galok Bagnard", "Galok Gambetta", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 4.3vw, 4.3rem);
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 0.98;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  text-wrap: balance;
}

.research-abstract h3:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.research-abstract p:first-of-type {
  font-size: clamp(1.3rem, 2vw, 1.65rem);
  line-height: 1.52;
}

.research-manuscript table {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  margin: 2rem 0 2.5rem;
  overflow-x: auto;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  font-size: 0.84rem;
  line-height: 1.42;
  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
}

.research-manuscript th,
.research-manuscript td {
  min-width: 110px;
  padding: 10px 12px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  text-align: left;
  vertical-align: top;
}

.research-manuscript th {
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-manuscript th:first-child,
.research-manuscript td:first-child {
  min-width: 210px;
}

.research-figure {
  width: min(1120px, calc(100vw - 400px));
  margin: 5rem 0 3rem;
  scroll-margin-top: 110px;
  padding: 22px 0 28px;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
}

.r002-figure {
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
}

.research-figure figcaption {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  gap: 20px;
  align-items: start;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
}

.research-figure figcaption span,
.research-figure figcaption small {
  padding-top: 6px;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.64rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-figure figcaption small {
  padding: 5px 8px;
  border: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-figure figcaption h4 {
  margin: 0;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 2.4vw, 2.5rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.05;
}

.research-chart {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 220px;
}

.research-figure-fallback {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  max-height: 680px;
  object-fit: contain;
  object-position: left center;
}

.research-chart-status {
  margin: 18px 0 0 !important;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

.research-bars,
.research-coefficients,
.research-dots {
  display: grid;
  gap: 7px;
  padding: 10px 0;
}

.research-bar-row,
.research-coefficient-row,
.research-dot-row {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(190px, 1.1fr) minmax(360px, 2fr) 72px;
  gap: 18px;
  align-items: center;
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 36px;
  padding: 0;
  color: inherit;
  border: 0;
  background: transparent;
  font: inherit;
  text-align: left;
}

.research-bar-row > span:first-child,
.research-coefficient-row > span:first-child,
.research-dot-row > span:first-child {
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  line-height: 1.2;
}

.research-bar-track,
.research-coefficient-track,
.research-dot-track {
  position: relative;
  height: 24px;
  background: linear-gradient(to right, transparent calc(50% - 0.5px), var(--research-line) calc(50% - 0.5px), var(--research-line) calc(50% + 0.5px), transparent calc(50% + 0.5px));
}

.research-bar-track i {
  position: absolute;
  top: 7px;
  left: var(--bar-left);
  width: var(--bar-width);
  height: 10px;
  background: var(--bar-color, var(--research-blue));
}

.research-bar-row strong,
.research-coefficient-row strong,
.research-dot-row strong {
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  text-align: right;
}

.research-coefficient-track::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 11px;
  left: var(--ci-left);
  width: calc(var(--ci-right) - var(--ci-left));
  height: 2px;
  background: var(--research-ink);
}

.research-coefficient-track::after,
.research-dot-track::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 7px;
  left: calc(var(--point) - 5px);
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px;
  border: 2px solid var(--research-paper);
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: var(--research-red);
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px var(--research-ink);
}

.research-dot-track {
  background: linear-gradient(to right, transparent calc(50% - 0.5px), var(--research-ink) calc(50% - 0.5px), var(--research-ink) calc(50% + 0.5px), transparent calc(50% + 0.5px));
}

.research-chart button:focus-visible {
  outline: 1px solid var(--research-red);
  outline-offset: 4px;
}

.research-chart-tooltip {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, auto);
  gap: 8px 18px;
  margin-top: 18px;
  padding: 12px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.69rem;
}

.research-chart-tooltip b {
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-weight: 600;
}

.research-chart-data {
  margin: 18px 0 34px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-chart-data summary {
  padding: 10px 0;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.68rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.research-chart-data > div {
  max-width: 100%;
  overflow-x: auto;
}

.research-repro-note,
.research-statistical-audit {
  margin: 2rem 0 3rem;
  padding: 20px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-repro-note > b,
.research-statistical-audit > p {
  color: var(--research-red);
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.11em;
}

.research-repro-note p {
  margin: 8px 0 0;
  font-size: 0.86rem;
}

.research-statistical-audit dl {
  margin: 18px 0 0;
}

.research-statistical-audit dl div {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
  gap: 20px;
  padding: 9px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-statistical-audit dt,
.research-statistical-audit dd {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 0.73rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
}

.research-statistical-audit dd {
  color: var(--research-red);
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-align: right;
}

.research-references,
.research-direct-sources {
  margin-top: 7rem;
}

.research-references > p:not(.research-section-kicker),
.research-direct-sources li {
  padding-left: 2.5em;
  text-indent: -2.5em;
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  line-height: 1.56;
}

.research-direct-sources ul {
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
}

.research-manuscript mjx-container[display="true"] {
  max-width: 100%;
  margin: 2rem 0 !important;
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: hidden;
  padding: 8px 0;
}

@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .data-research-results {
    width: min(100% - 48px, 1200px);
  }

  .data-research-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  }

  .data-research-grid a:nth-child(3) {
    border-left: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
  }

  .research-index-main,
  .research-paper-hero,
  .research-paper-layout {
    width: min(100% - 48px, 1200px);
  }

  .research-index-hero {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 3fr;
  }

  .research-index-hero > span {
    grid-column: 2;
  }

  .research-index-list {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .research-paper-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 42px;
  }

  .research-paper-identity {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(130px, 1fr) minmax(0, 4fr);
  }

  .research-paper-identity h1,
  .research-paper-subtitle {
    grid-column: 2;
  }

  .research-paper-identity dl {
    grid-column: 2;
    grid-row: auto;
    margin-top: 24px;
  }

  .research-figure {
    width: 100%;
  }

  .research-bar-row,
  .research-coefficient-row,
  .research-dot-row {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(150px, 1fr) minmax(260px, 2fr) 64px;
  }
}

/* Touch tablets: keep the full manuscript width and use the shared reading wave. */
@media (min-width: 761px) and (max-width: 1366px) {
  html.research-paper-root,
  body.research-paper-page {
    overflow-x: hidden;
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-paper-layout {
    display: block;
    width: min(100% - 48px, 1200px);
    padding-top: 64px;
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-mobile-toc {
    display: none;
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-paper-toc {
    display: none;
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-manuscript > :not(.research-figure):not(.r002-figure) {
    width: min(100%, 47rem);
    margin-inline: auto;
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-manuscript > .research-abstract {
    width: min(100%, 54rem);
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-manuscript > table {
    width: min(100%, 62rem);
  }

  .research-paper-page .research-manuscript > .research-figure,
  .research-paper-page .research-manuscript > .r002-figure {
    width: min(100%, 1120px);
    margin-inline: auto;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .data-research-results {
    width: calc(100% - 32px);
  }

  .home-research-feature {
    padding: 72px var(--home-gutter) 88px;
  }

  .home-research-feature > a {
    display: block;
  }

  .home-research-feature figure {
    min-height: 0;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  }

  .home-research-feature > a > div {
    padding: 26px 0;
  }

  .home-research-feature h2 {
    margin-top: 44px;
    font-size: clamp(4rem, 20vw, 6.5rem);
  }

  .data-research-results > header {
    display: block;
  }

  .data-research-results > header > p {
    margin-bottom: 28px;
  }

  .data-research-grid {
    display: block;
  }

  .data-research-grid a,
  .data-research-grid a:first-child,
  .data-research-grid a:nth-child(3) {
    min-height: 230px;
    border-right: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
    border-left: 1px solid rgba(17, 44, 50, 0.25);
  }

  .data-research-grid h3 {
    margin-top: 38px;
  }

  .data-research-results > footer {
    display: block;
  }

  .data-research-results > footer a {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 18px;
  }

  .research-index-main,
  .research-paper-hero,
  .research-paper-layout {
    width: calc(100% - 32px);
  }

  .research-index-hero {
    display: block;
    min-height: 0;
    padding: 112px 0 42px;
  }

  .research-index-hero h1 {
    margin-top: 34px;
    font-size: clamp(3.6rem, 17vw, 6rem);
  }

  .research-index-hero > span {
    display: block;
    margin-top: 36px;
  }

  .research-index-list {
    padding: 48px 0 88px;
  }

  .research-index-card {
    display: block;
  }

  .research-index-card figure {
    min-height: 0;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  }

  .research-index-card > div {
    padding: 24px 0;
  }

  .research-index-card h2 {
    margin-top: 36px;
    font-size: clamp(3.7rem, 17vw, 6rem);
  }

  .research-index-card dl {
    margin-top: 40px;
  }

  .research-paper-hero {
    padding-top: 112px;
  }

  .research-paper-identity {
    display: block;
    padding-bottom: 38px;
  }

  .research-paper-identity h1 {
    margin-top: 36px;
    font-size: clamp(3rem, 16vw, 7rem);
    line-height: 0.78;
  }

  .research-paper-subtitle {
    margin-top: 30px;
    font-size: 1.25rem;
  }

  .research-paper-subtitle br {
    display: none;
  }

  .research-paper-identity dl {
    margin-top: 36px;
  }

  .research-paper-hero-image img {
    height: auto;
    aspect-ratio: auto;
    object-fit: contain;
  }

  .research-paper-layout {
    display: block;
    padding: 54px 0 96px;
  }

  .research-paper-toc {
    display: none;
  }

  .research-mobile-toc {
    display: block;
    width: calc(100% - 32px);
    margin: 0 auto;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  }

  .research-mobile-toc summary {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    padding: 15px 0;
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
  }

  .research-mobile-toc summary span {
    color: var(--research-muted);
  }

  .research-mobile-toc nav {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 0 20px;
    padding-bottom: 18px;
  }

  .research-mobile-toc a {
    padding: 8px 0;
    color: inherit;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    text-decoration: none;
  }

  .research-manuscript {
    font-size: 1.06rem;
    line-height: 1.68;
  }

  .research-manuscript > h2,
  .research-references > h2,
  .research-direct-sources > h2 {
    margin-top: 5rem;
    font-size: clamp(2.45rem, 12vw, 3.7rem);
    line-height: 1;
  }

  .research-manuscript h3 {
    margin-top: 3rem;
    font-size: clamp(1.65rem, 7.8vw, 2.3rem);
    line-height: 1.08;
  }

  .research-manuscript blockquote {
    margin-right: 0;
    padding-left: 1.2rem;
    font-size: 1.45rem;
  }

  .research-abstract {
    margin-inline: -6px;
    padding: 28px 20px;
  }

  .research-abstract > h2 {
    font-size: clamp(2.4rem, 11vw, 3.4rem);
  }

  .research-abstract p:first-of-type {
    font-size: 1.18rem;
    line-height: 1.56;
  }

  .research-manuscript table {
    width: 100%;
    margin-left: 0;
    font-size: 0.76rem;
  }

  .research-figure {
    width: 100%;
    margin-top: 4rem;
  }

  .research-figure figcaption {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr auto;
    gap: 10px 16px;
  }

  .research-figure figcaption h4 {
    grid-column: 1 / -1;
    grid-row: 2;
  }

  .research-bar-row,
  .research-coefficient-row,
  .research-dot-row {
    grid-template-columns: minmax(110px, 0.9fr) minmax(155px, 1.4fr) 54px;
    gap: 8px;
    min-height: 42px;
  }

  .research-bar-row > span:first-child,
  .research-coefficient-row > span:first-child,
  .research-dot-row > span:first-child {
    font-size: 0.66rem;
  }

  .research-chart-tooltip {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  }

  .research-figure-fallback {
    max-height: none;
  }

  .research-references > p:not(.research-section-kicker),
  .research-direct-sources li {
    padding-left: 1.5em;
    text-indent: -1.5em;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
  }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .research-index-card figure img,
  .research-paper-toc nav a {
    transition: none;
  }
}

/* Research series: 002 featured, 001 retained as the previous paper. */
.home-research-series {
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.35);
}

.home-research-primary {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 7fr) minmax(360px, 5fr);
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.home-research-primary > div {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 30px 0 30px 44px;
}

.home-research-primary:hover figure img,
.home-research-primary:focus-visible figure img {
  transform: scale(1.018);
  filter: saturate(0.95) contrast(1.05);
}

.home-research-primary > div > p {
  max-width: 31ch;
  margin: 0 0 28px;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 2vw, 1.85rem);
  line-height: 1.18;
}

.home-research-primary > div > span {
  max-width: 42ch;
  color: rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.68);
  line-height: 1.48;
}

.home-research-primary > div > b {
  margin-top: auto;
  padding-top: 40px;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
}

.home-research-primary figure img {
  object-position: 50% 48%;
}

.home-research-secondary {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  gap: 36px;
  align-items: end;
  padding: 38px 0 32px;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.35);
}

.home-research-secondary a {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.home-research-secondary h3 {
  margin: 12px 0 8px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 3.5vw, 4.2rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.95;
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
}

.home-research-secondary p {
  max-width: 56ch;
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  color: rgba(241, 240, 235, 0.68);
  line-height: 1.45;
}

.home-research-secondary span,
.home-research-all {
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.home-research-all {
  padding: 14px 0;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.research-index-list {
  row-gap: 72px;
}

.research-index-card--featured figure img,
.research-002-cover img {
  object-position: 50% 48%;
}

.research-index-card--secondary {
  grid-template-columns: minmax(360px, 5fr) minmax(0, 7fr);
}

.research-index-card--secondary figure {
  min-height: 400px;
}

.research-index-card--secondary h2 {
  max-width: 10ch;
  font-size: clamp(2.9rem, 4.5vw, 5.4rem);
  line-height: 0.88;
}

.research-002-page .research-paper-identity h1 {
  font-size: clamp(4.6rem, 8.2vw, 8.8rem);
  line-height: 0.82;
}

.research-002-layout {
  grid-template-columns: 250px minmax(0, 820px) minmax(80px, 1fr);
}

.research-replication {
  margin: 5rem 0 3rem;
  padding: 28px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-replication > p {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--research-red);
  font-family: var(--font-ui);
  font-size: 0.66rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.13em;
}

.research-replication h3 {
  margin: 26px 0 14px;
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4vw, 3.8rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.95;
}

.research-replication > span {
  display: block;
  max-width: 58ch;
  color: var(--research-muted);
  font-size: 0.88rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
}

.research-replication > a {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 20px;
  margin-top: 28px;
  padding: 13px 0;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  font-size: 0.74rem;
  font-weight: 700;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-replication > a b {
  color: var(--research-muted);
}

.research-appendix {
  margin-top: 7rem;
}

.research-appendix > h2 {
  scroll-margin-top: 110px;
  margin: 2rem 0 2.2rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-ink);
  font-family: var(--font-serif);
  font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 4.7vw, 4.5rem);
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 0.94;
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
}

@media (max-width: 1080px) {
  .research-002-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr);
  }
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .home-research-primary {
    display: block;
  }

  .home-research-primary > div {
    padding: 26px 0;
  }

  .home-research-primary figure img {
    object-position: 58% 50%;
  }

  .home-research-secondary {
    display: block;
    padding-top: 32px;
  }

  .home-research-secondary h3 {
    font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 13vw, 4.2rem);
  }

  .home-research-all {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 34px;
  }

  .research-index-list {
    row-gap: 48px;
  }

  .research-index-card--secondary {
    display: block;
  }

  .research-index-card--secondary figure {
    min-height: 0;
  }

  .research-index-card--featured figure img {
    object-position: 58% 50%;
  }

  .research-index-card--secondary h2 {
    font-size: clamp(3.4rem, 15vw, 5rem);
  }

  .research-002-page .research-paper-identity h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 13.4vw, 6.1rem);
    line-height: 0.84;
    overflow-wrap: normal;
    word-break: normal;
  }

  .research-002-cover img {
    height: auto;
    aspect-ratio: auto;
    object-fit: contain;
    object-position: center;
  }

  .research-002-layout {
    display: block;
  }

  .research-replication > a {
    align-items: flex-start;
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .research-appendix > h2 {
    font-size: clamp(2.4rem, 12vw, 4rem);
  }
}